Jury Members
Loïc Bodiou (Université de Rennes)
Victor Torres-Company (Chalmers University of Technology)
Giuseppe Leo (Université Paris-Cité)
Goran Mashanovich (Southampton University)

The on-chip integration of mid-infrared spectroscopy systems provides a way to make them more accessible. In this context, silicon (Si) photonics is an attractive means to achieve this, thanks to the high throughput manufacturing capabilities it offers. To overcome the limitations of the materials used in standard Si photonics, due to the absorption of silica (SiO2) beyond 3.5 µm and Si beyond 7 µm wavelength, the germanium (Ge)-rich graded silicon-germanium (SiGe) platform platform represents a potential candidate. Not only does it extend the wavelength range accessible by Si photonics, but it also allows to keep the compatibility with high-volume CMOS manufacturing processes. The objective of this thesis work is to generate broadband light from existing mid-infrared light sources, necessary for the realization of such an integrated spectroscopic system.

Figure : Demonstration of a wideband mid-infrared source through supercontinuum generation, covering up to 2 octaves in the mid-infrared, while using low pump powers compared to the state of the art.

Jury Members

Mme Céline LICHTENSTIGER    UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE, Rapporteure
M. Guillaume NATAF  Université de Tours  Rapporteur
M. Jean François DAYEN Université de Strasbourg Examinateur
M. Pavlo ZUBKO University College London Examinateur
M. Stéphane FUSIL Laboratoire Albert Fert - CNRS Invité

This thesis investigates the fabrication and controllable manipulation of freestanding ferroelectric oxide membranes, with a particular focus on strain and flexoelectricity as levers for tuning polarization. In contrast to conventional substrate-clamped thin films, released membranes possess enhanced mechanical freedom, providing a direct platform to probe how strain gradients influence ferroelectric behavior.
Using a sacrificial-layer release method, we fabricated freestanding membranes of archetypal ferroelectrics such as PbZrTiO₃ (PZT) and BaTiO₃ (BTO). We first explored their response under passive, uncontrolled bending conditions. These deformations induced polarization reorientation within the membranes, revealing bending as a functional route for engineering ferroelectric polarization.
To achieve deterministic control, we then developed an on-demand method to shape the membrane and prescribe strain with precision. This approach employs photoactive azobenzene polymers (PAZO), where UV illumination generates periodic surface relief patterns that mechanically deform the membrane. A spatial light modulator sculpts the illumination profile, and thus the strain field, with high fidelity. Through this light-written strain, we realize 90° polarization rotations in PZT via piezoelectric coupling and full 180° reversals in BTO driven by flexoelectricity, all in a periodic and programmable manner
Together, these results illuminate the intertwined roles of strain and flexoelectricity in ferroelectric materials and establish a versatile platform for probing and harnessing these effects with unprecedented control.

Figure : Photosensitive polymer platform for advanced ferroelectric strain engineering 

Composition du jury / Jury members:

M. Olivier ALIBART, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI) - Rapporteur

M. Daniele BAJONI, Photonics Group Unipv - Rapporteur

M. Christophe COUTEAU, Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT), Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux & nanotechnologies (L2n) - Examinateur

Mme Maria AMANTI, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ) - Examinatrice

M. Kamel BENCHEIKH, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre de Nanosciences et de

Nanotechnologies (C2N) Examinateur

Mme Sylvie LEBRUN, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS) - Examinatrice

Les réseaux quantiques améliorent les systèmes de communication quantique et établissent des connexions entre plusieurs noeuds grâce à la distribution de ressources quantiques, par exemple des états intriqués. Les photons constituent d’excellents porteurs d’information quantique, car ils peuvent transporter ces ressources quantiques à travers des fibres optiques, où les fluctuations environnementales et les pertes optiques sont réduites. L'exploitation d'états quantiques de haute dimension, appelés qudits, permet un transfert d'informations plus dense et une meilleure résistance au bruit que l’utilisation des qubits, leurs équivalents binaires. L'information quantique peut être encodée dans plusieurs degrés de liberté du photon. L’encodage en fréquence est robuste face aux fluctuations de polarisation et compatible avec l'infrastructure fibrée existante, tout en permettant l'accès à un espace de Hilbert de haute dimension. Les qudits encodés en fréquence sont manipulés à l'aide de dispositifs fibrés commerciaux, tels que les modulateurs électro-optiques, ce qui permet en outre la parallélisation des opérations. 

Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous utilisons des états de Bell encodés en fréquence de dimension d=2 (qubits) et d=3 (qutrits) pour réaliser une preuve de concept d'un réseau de distribution quantique de clé basé sur l'intrication. Nous utilisons un résonateur spiralé en silicium comme source paramétrique de paires de photons via un mélange à quatre ondes. Nous démontrons un peigne de fréquences et l’accès à 80 modes de fréquentiels. Nous sélectionnons 21 liaisons quantiques capables de transférer des qubits ou des qutrits encodés en 'bins' de fréquence à l'aide d'un seul dispositif expérimental. Nous évaluons et optimisons la source - via la puissance de pompage -, le traitement du signal - via la taille de la fenêtre de coïncidence - et la dimension des qu-d-its jusqu'à d=5 afin de maximiser les performances du réseau quantique de distribution de clés. Nous proposons ainsi une stratégie adaptative pour augmenter le débit d'informations sécurisées transmises en tirant parti de la capacité de codage dense des états quantiques de haute dimension et en bénéficiant du rapport signal sur bruit plus élevé des qubits. Nous montrons qu’on peut ainsi communiquer jusqu'à une distance simulée de 295 km. 

Coherent acoustic phonons are collective lattice vibrations with a well-defined phase. Their ability to couple with various excitations makes them attractive for interfacing different solid-state platforms, while their slow propagation speed enables signal processing and information storage in compact devices. In this thesis, we develop three nanophononic devices that address coherent phonon generation and detection, propagation control, and tunability. We introduce elliptical micropillar optophononic resonators that lift the degeneracy of optical cavity modes in energy and polarization. By combining this property with a cross-polarization-scheme pump-probe experiment, the generation and detection of coherent acoustic phonons are simultaneously enhanced. We design a phononic waveguide and demonstrate a quasi-continuous source of acoustic phonons at 20 GHz. We observe phonon propagation over 20 μm and demonstrate spatio-temporal coherent control of guided phonons. And finally, we design acoustic resonators incorporating mesoporous thin films and use their stimuli-responsive properties to achieve tunability of acoustic resonances through external environmental control. These three nanophononic devices serve as basic building blocks for phononic networks and advance the control of coherent acoustic phonons for classical and quantum applications.

Semiconductor quantum dots have emerged as excellent single-photon sources for optical quantum technologies. When inserted in an optical cavity, they have been shown to deterministically emit pure, indistinguishable single photons on demand with high emission rates. Quantum dot single-photon sources have so far been used to process the quantum information that is encoded in the discrete modes of the single photons; a framework known as discrete-variable encoding. Alternatively, the quantum information can be encoded on the continuous quadratures of the optical field in the continuous-variable framework. With their ability to generate deterministically complex non-Gaussian states of light and to provide optical non-linearity at the single-photon level, quantum dots in cavities could also bring new opportunities to process the information in continuous-variable approach.

In this Ph.D. thesis, we take the first step toward positioning our quantum dot sources as potential resources for continuous-variable optical quantum technologies. We report on the first Wigner function measurement of the single-photon state and photon-number superposition states generated by an optical solid-state quantum emitter. We achieved this goal by overcoming key challenges in operating in the low-transmission regime and in adjusting measurement techniques to the high rate of our single-photon sources: (i) the optimization of the quantum interference between the local oscillator (a weak coherent state) and the photonic states emitted by our quantum dot device, which leads to optimal displacement operations, (ii) the correction of photon loss, and (iii) the reconstruction of photon-number distribution from single-photon detection. 

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) present varied optical and electronic properties associated with their different crystal structures. We optimize here the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of tungsten-based TMDs, such as hexagonal (1H) WSe2 and WS2 monolayers, as well as monoclinic (1T’) WTe2. While 1H WSe2 and WS2 are typically direct band-gap semiconductors in the monolayer form, the anisotropic 1T' WTe2 is a small band gap topological insulator. Our purpose is to study the structural and electronic phase transition of ternary alloy WSe2xTe2(1-x) between the 1H and 1T' crystal structures. However, the synthesis of the mid-composition (x~0.5) alloys by CVD remains challenging. By just adding an additional monolayer, we obtain bilayer (2ML) structures, in which the available polytypes combinations, and the relative physical properties, are even richer. We further optimize our CVD growth methods to maximize the yield of 2ML hexagonal WSe2 and WS2. In addition to Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, we employ various other experimental techniques, including second harmonic generation and selective area electron diffraction, to discern between the 2ML polytypes. We then focus on the 3R bilayer stacking of WSe2 and we resolve its electronic band structure by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.

Abstract 

This thesis focuses on the modeling of narrow-gap far-infrared semiconductors, ternary alloys, and heterovalent heterostructures. To overcome the limitations of conventional Density Functional Theory (DFT), a Bayesian Machine (BMach) framework [2] is developed to optimize internal DFT meta-parameters, such as the Hubbard U in DFT+U and the mixing (α) and screening (μ) parameters in hybrid exchange–correlation functionals. These parameters are benchmarked against quasiparticle corrections obtained from Green’s function–based quasiparticle-GW (G₀W₀) calculations, with BMach employing Gaussian process regression (GPR) and physics-informed loss functions.

Applied to the benchmark semiconductors InSb and InAs, BMach accurately reproduces experimental band gaps, effective masses, and Luttinger parameters at significantly reduced computational cost [1]. The study further explores CuPt-ordered InAsₓSb₁₋ₓ alloys across the full composition range using both supercell and Virtual Crystal Approximation (VCA) approaches; notably, the VCA-based G₀W₀ method yields a bowing parameter of 0.838 eV, in excellent agreement with experiment. Finally, the band alignment at the CdTe/InSb(001) heterointerface is determined using the potential-lineup method with BMach-calibrated parameters, confirming a type-I alignment consistent with experimental observations.

This work establishes a transferable and extensible computational framework for high-fidelity electronic-structure predictions across diverse material systems, with direct relevance for future electronic, optoelectronic, energy, and quantum technologies.

La présente thèse explore le développement d’un accélérateur de particules miniaturisé intégré sur une puce en silicium, en réponse aux défis posés par les infrastructures colossales et les coûts élevés des accélérateurs conventionnels (CERN, XFEL, SOLEIL). S’appuyant sur le concept des accélérateurs lasers diélectriques, le dispositif proposé exploite l’interaction entre un faisceau d’électrons et un champ électrique confiné dans une cavité à cristal photonique. Ce principe repose sur l’accord de phase entre la vitesse des électrons et celle du champ, rendu possible grâce à une conception précise de nanostructures en silicium suspendu, offrant un fort confinement optique, un faible volume modal et une compatibilité avec les techniques de fabrication de l’industrie des semi-conducteurs. Le travail de recherche comprend : la conception et la modélisation des cristaux photoniques pour optimiser l’accord de phase et le transfert d’énergie, le développement d’une solution innovante de couplage optique par injection fibrée adaptée aux contraintes d’un microscope électronique à transmission et la mise en place d'une solution technologique afin d'éviter l'accumulation de charges sur la structure lors du passage du faisceau d'électrons. Les structures ont été fabriquées en salle blanche par des techniques avancées de nanofabrication. Les dispositifs réalisés ont été caractérisés par des mesures de leur facteur de qualité, de leur fréquence de résonance et par des expériences d’EELS, permettant d’évaluer l’efficacité du couplage entre les électrons et les modes des cavités. L’efficacité du couplage optique de la structure fibre-puce développée a également été mesurée afin d’optimiser les performances du dispositif. Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse contribuent de manière générale à la photonique silicium et plus particulièrement à la démonstration du fort potentiel des structures développées pour l’accélération de particules sur puce et ouvrent la voie à des applications prometteuses en physique des hautes énergies, en imagerie et dans le développement de sources de rayonnement compactes.

Abstract 

In this PhD thesis, we advance integrated photonics for quantum information processing by improving the calibration and control of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). PICs enable compact and stable light manipulation for a wide range of applications in optics. We demonstrate quantum protocols on specialized PICs, including the first on-chip certified randomness generation and high-fidelity 4-GHZ state tomography. In universal PIC architectures, we develop a machine learning-assisted characterization technique to mitigate hardware imperfections, achieving a record 99.77% fidelity in unitary operations on a 12-mode interferometer. Finally, we refine crosstalk models and propose a robustness criterion for interferometer design, enhancing PIC control accuracy. Our results, including a patented machine learning-based method, contribute to both quantum and classical integrated photonics, advancing scalable photonic quantum computing.

Figure : Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) consist of waveguides (blue lines) guiding light across a slab of transparent material. PICs often exhibit various imperfections resulting from fabrication constraints, tolerances, and operation wavelength, illustrated here on a simplified PIC. In general, input and output ports have different optical transmissions. In addition, the actual beamsplitter reflectivity values deviate from the target. Phase shifters (purple components) dissipating heat entail that all the implemented physical phase shifts depend on all the applied voltages. Finally, optical path variations lead to non-zero phase shifts even without any voltages applied. We use machine-learning to find suitable values for each of these parameters.