Topic : Sustainable development and sustainable research

Presentation in French

Abstract :

In this seminar, I will share IPSL's experience in environmental transition, or how to mobilise a collective to move from observation to action in order to reduce its environmental footprint, in line with France's national low-carbon strategy aimed at carbon neutrality by 2050. 

After an introduction to the specific features of IPSL and a focus on the laboratory that has been a pioneer in this dynamic, I will present our institute's carbon footprint, its main sources of emissions and the issues raised. I will discuss our methodology to progress: organisation put in place, and different modes of action in different fields, from raising awareness to implementing reduction measures, from collective reflection to decisions and voting. I will highlight our success, but also the difficulties and limitations, in a changing context. I will focus on what may be useful for a laboratory willing to take the step from intention to action.

Stephanie BONIFACE has workedfor 18 years as an engineer in aeronautics. A training leave enabled her to complete a Master's degree in “Sustainable Development and Organisations” at Paris -Dauphine. This enabled her to change direction and join IPSL(*)  in November 2021 as Carbon Footprint Project Manager, responsible for calculating IPSL's carbon footprint and leading the community on a path to reducing it.

(*) Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, fédération de laboratoires de recherche sur le climat et l'environnement en Ile de France

La science-fiction explore le champ des possibles grâce à des expériences de pensée. Par jeu, demandons-nous avec elle ce que serait devenu l'humanité sur une Terre différente, plus massive par exemple, ou avec des anneaux. Aurions-nous découvert aussi rapidement les lois de la mécanique céleste si la Terre était en orbite autour d'une d'étoile binaire ? Quel impact aurait eu un ciel différent de celui que nous observons quotidiennement ? Finalement, peut-on imaginer quelle serait notre représentation du monde si la Terre était différente ? C'est certainement dans cette capacité à interroger le réel par la pensée, en se posant la languissante question « Et si… ? », que se trouve le lien secret qui unit science et science-fiction.

Roland Lehoucq est astrophysicien au CEA de Saclay. Il est aussi enseignant (Université Paris Cité, ENS Paris-Saclay et Science Po Rennes) et auteur de nombreux ouvrages faisant dialoguer sciences et science-fiction. Depuis 2012, il est président des Utopiales, le festival international de science-fiction de Nantes.

Ce projet bénéficie du soutien du projet CHIPS of Europe

Abstract

I will begin by introducing the research activities in the Rice Center for Quantum Materials (RCQM) and outlining potential opportunities for collaboration between RCQM and Université Paris-Saclay. I will then focus on the work conducted in my research group at Rice, where we study topological materials with real- and reciprocal-space topology, new topological fermions, and unconventional superconductivity. Among our various research directions, I will highlight in particular our recent work on intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).

About the speaker

Emilia Morosan received her undergraduate research I Romania at University Al. I. Cuza. She moved to US for her doctoral studies in Physics at ISU and Ames Lab, and traveled east for a postdoc in Chemistry at Princeton University. In 2007, she joined Rice University, and she is currently the director of the Rice Center for Quantum Materials (RCQM) and the William M. Rice Trustee Professor of Physics and Astronomy, with joint appointments in Chemistry, and Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Prof. Morosan is a condensed matter experimentalist whose research straddles the boundaries between physics, chemistry and materials science. Her primary research interests are the design and synthesis of novel materials, crystal growth, and studies of topological correlated electron systems, unconventional superconductivity, local and itinerant moment magnetism, heavy fermions systems, quantum criticality. Prof Morosan and her group are using different crystal growth techniques to design, discover and grow single crystals of novel materials, often predicted theoretically to show non-trivial topological states from Weyl semimetals to Krames-Weyl fermions and multidegenerate fermions, unconventional superconductors.

Prof. Morosan has received various awards and honors, including the DOD Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship, Humboldt Fellowship for Advanced Researchers, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation EPiQS synthesis investigator, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), NSF CAREER award. She is a fellow of the American Physical Society, and American Chemical Society, and has served as a APS DMP member at large.

The environmental impact of digital technologies is no longer sustainable. Water and mineral resources, global warming, ocean and land acidification, and electronic waste recycling—the list of challenges posed by our societies' appetite for digitalization is dizzying. CEA-Leti, a leading player in micro-nanoelectronics R&D, has been engaged in an ambitious eco-innovation program for the past five years. Through funding internships and PhDs, participating in ANR or European projects, or collaborating with industry, CEA-Leti researchers have ventured into new areas of research. In this seminar, I will illustrate our approach through examples such as the life cycle analysis of GaN and InP-based transistors for power or RF applications, the eco-design of 5G antennas, the development of more responsible patterning processes involving photoresists, plasma etching gases, or aqueous stripping solutions, and the actions taken to minimize the consumption and emissions of our cleanrooms. Finally, I will present future emblematic projects that will amplify this approach.

Francois BOULARD is a recognised expert in the field of plasma etching and eco-innovation of patterning processes. With a solid background at CEA-Leti, he strives to develop cutting-edge technologies that meet today's environmental and industrial challenges. Dr. from the University of Nantes in 2009, he began his career at CEA-Leti working in the field of infrared detection with the industrial company Lynred. This experience enabled him to acquire complementary expertise that enriches his current research. Since 2023, Dr. Boulard is scientific director of CEA-Leti's patterning department, leading the plasma etching engineering activity on 300mm substrates. In 2024, he obtained his HDR. His current research focuses on developing etching processes for low-energy FDSOI technologies, assessing the impact of these processes on the environment, and introducing new low-GWP gases.

Magneto-optical (MO) effects are essential for the development of nonreciprocal optical devices,
such as isolators and circulators. However, the inherently weak MO response of transparent magnetic
materials at optical frequencies limits the miniaturization of MO-based devices. Enhancing light–matter
interactions in MO materials is therefore crucial for developing compact and high-performance nonre-
ciprocal photonic components.
Various approaches have been investigated to enhance MO effects, including Faraday rotation (θF ).
Early studies utilized optical cavity modes supported in one-dimensional photonic crystals to enhance
θF [1]. However, the bulky multilayered structure has limited their practical integration. Another ap-
proach employed plasmon resonances to improve θF , but suffers from√low light transmission (T ) due to
metallic absorption [2], resulting in a low Figure of Merit (FoM = θF T ) . More recently, all-dielectric
metasurfaces have emerged as a promising solution without the penalty of absorption losses [3], harness-
ing the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effects to achieve near-unity T [4]. However, the
resulting θF is rather small even with extremely ideal MO parameter. Simultaneously achieving high θF
and high T remains a significant challenge in the design of ultrathin metasurface-based Faraday rotators.
In this presentation, we present designs for all-dielectric MO metasurfaces that achieves both high
Faraday rotation (θF ) and high transmittance (T ) using realistic MO parameters, exemplified by YIG-
based structures. Our approach employs quasi-bound states in the continuum (Q-BIC) resonant modes
with engineerable high quality (Q) factors to enhance θF , while constructive interference between spec-
trally overlapped TE- and TM-like Q-BIC modes under EIT conditions ensures high T , resulting in a
significantly improved figure of merit (FoM). To address fabrication challenges, we further developed
a hybrid platform by integrating a silicon-based metasurface onto a YIG film [5], thereby maintaining
similarly high MO performance. These advancements represent a key step toward the realization of
practical, ultrathin Faraday rotators and isolators. Further results on the design, optimization [6], and
fabrication [7] of MO metasurfaces will be discussed in the presentation.
References
1. M. Inoue, R. Fujikawa, A. Baryshev, A. Khanikaev, P. Lim, H. Uchida, O. Aktsipetrov, A. Fedyanin,
T. Murzina, and A. Granovsky, “Magnetophotonic crystals,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39, R151 (2006).
2. I. S. Maksymov, “Magneto-plasmonic nanoantennas: Basics and applications,” Rev. Phys. 1, 36–51 (2016).
3. S. Jahani and Z. Jacob, “All-dielectric metamaterials,” Nat. nanotechnology 11, 23–36 (2016).
4. A. Christofi, Y. Kawaguchi, A. Alù, and A. B. Khanikaev, “Giant enhancement of faraday rotation due to
electromagnetically induced transparency in all-dielectric magneto-optical metasurfaces,” Opt. letters 43,
1838–1841 (2018).
5. S. Gao, Y. Ota, T. Liu, F. Tian, and S. Iwamoto, “Faraday rotator based on a silicon photonic crystal slab
on a bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet thin film,” Appl. Phys. Express 16, 072003 (2023).
6. S. Gao, Y. Ota, F. Tian, T. Liu, and S. Iwamoto, “Optimizing the optical and magneto-optical response of
all-dielectric metasurfaces with tilted side walls,” Opt. Express 31, 13672–13682 (2023).
7. K. Taniguchi, T. Kitai, T. Yambe, S. Gao, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Ota, “Fabrication of photonic crystal nanocav-
ities based on monocrystalline yttrium iron garnet,” 2024 Conf. on Lasers Electro-Optics Pac. Rim (CLEO-
PR) p. P2 043 (2024).

Abstract

While plastic production volumes are rapidly increasing to grow (460 Mt in 2019, doubling every 20 years), leakages into the environment are following the same trend. Particles (microplastics and nanoplastics) and chemical substances are released by plastics from the moment they are produced, and even from the moment the fossil resources on which they are based are extracted. Plastics pollute well before they become a waste, and are a threat to all ecosystems and to human health. The threats of plastic pollution for marine ecosystems have been known for over fifty years, while research into the extent and impacts of this pollution on soils is more recent. Because of the thousands of toxic chemicals they contain, plastics have recognised harmful effects on the functioning of ecosystems and on all living organisms, including humans.
Since 2022, a legally binding international treaty to end plastic pollution has been under negotiation at the United Nations. To ensure that it is based on established scientific facts with no conflicts of interest, pluridisciplinary scientists working on plastic pollution in all environments have joined forces in an International Coalition of Scientists, at the interface between science and policy. Its objectives are to share scientific knowledge, to raise awareness and alert decision-makers and the general public, to assist the Member states that support an ambitious treaty and to counter false information.

About the speaker

Marie-France Dignac is a research director at INRAE. Her research, at the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, focuses on the biogeochemical and ecological functioning of agricultural soils, and on the impacts of anthropogenic constraints such as climate change and pollution. In recent years, her research has focused on the multiple impacts of plastic pollution of agricultural soils and the consequences for organisms living in the soil and for agriculture. She is a member of the steering committee of the Scientists' Coalition for an Effective Plastics Treaty and of the scientific committee of the GDR Plastics, environment, health.

The realization of large-scale quantum networks, where distant spin qubits are connected via single photons, offers interesting opportunities for both quantum science and technology. In recent years color centers in various solids emerged as promising candidates for this, providing coherent spin states together with optically active transitions. In this talk, I will give a brief overview of how we can use these centers as spin-photon interfaces. I will discuss recent work investigating the optical properties of the tin-vacancy center in diamond and its integration with nanophotonic structures fabricated in bulk diamond. Finally, I will motivate the interest in developing spin-photon interfaces using silicon as a host material.

The lecture discusses the thermodynamics and the phase-field method of ferroelectric crystals and their applications to modeling and predicting the stability of domain structures and their responses to mechanical and electric fields. It will start with the basic principles of classical thermodynamics by introducing a modern version of the first law of thermodynamics and applying it to obtain the fundamental equation of thermodynamics for homogeneous ferroelectric crystals. The relations of the fundamental equations of thermodynamics, Landau and fluctuation theories of ferroelectrics, and the thermodynamic properties will then be discussed. It will then be followed by the discussion on the thermodynamics of ferroelectric crystals containing domain structures involving long-range elastic and electrostatic interactions and domain wall energy. The last part of the lecture will be focused on the applications of the phase-field method of ferroelectric domain structures. Examples will be presented to illustrate the application of the phase-field method to interpreting and understanding experimentally observed ferroelectric domain structures and to providing guidance to experimental growth of thin films and characterization to discover new mesoscale domain states of materials, achieve dramatically enhanced properties, and uncover hidden functionality.

* Presentation in French with slides in English.
* SUMMARY :

Understanding the carbon cycle has been one of the key research thopics at LSCE since its inception. Several experimental and modeling teams are working to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and interactions involved, in the atmosphere, the oceans and ecosystems. In particular, the ICOS teams is in charge of coordinating the national observation service ICOS-France for observing and monitoring greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and the atmospheric thematic center of the European research infrastructure ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System).

Firstly, I'll describe how this measurement network works and present some of the results obtained. I'll then place this work in the broader context of current global warming and the need to assess and limit the impact of our carbon emissions. In this context, secondly, I will describe the work carried out to establish LSCE's carbon footprint and the results obtained since 2019, and present the approach we have put in place to limit the impact of the laboratory's research activities.

About Marc DELMOTTE:

Marc is a research engineer at CNRS / LSCE. After a PhD in paleoclimatology (on the analysis of polar ice records), he became an expert in the measurement of trace elements, in particular isotopes, and greenhouse gases. He was a coordinator of the French national greenhouse gas observation service for a dozen years, and he is still involved in this measurement network. For the last 5 years, he has been leading the LSCE's ecological footprint working group, and he is the LSCE referent for these issues.

     In novel, beyond Von Neumann, computational approaches the use of magnons (or quanta of spin waves) is particularly promising due to the small intrinsic energies of individual magnons (μeV), the possibility of using phase, in addition to magnitude, as a state variable, and the possibility to control the magnon dispersion properties in a magnetic sample by varying the direction and magnitude of the bias magnetic field [1]. 

     However, the use of magnons in advanced and neuromorphic computing is severely limited by the existing linear methods of magnon excitation, which are based on current-driven inductive transducers which have poor energy efficiency due to Ohmic losses, and are unable to effectively excite ultra-short exchange-dominated magnons. Here we propose to use a resonator-like energy-efficient gate, based on the effect of voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) [2], as a new type of antenna for parametric excitation and reception of exchange-dominated magnons of a submicron wavelength, having a well-defined phase.  When a pumping voltage V of a microwave frequency ωp is applied to a resonator-like VCMA gate, the parametric excitation of two short-wavelength counter-propagating half-pumping-frequency magnons ωk  and ω-k will occur :

        ωp=ωk+ω-k,  kp∼0=k+-k .      (1)

The magnetic anisotropy under the gate will be changed, causing partial reflections of the excited magnons at the both gate boundaries. The excited magnons, then, will have a well-defined phase, that is determined by the phase of the pumping voltage and by the reflection properties of the VCMA resonator. The wavenumber of the excited magnons could be large, and unrelated to the gate size, as it is determined only by the pumping frequency, and the magnon dispersion law ωk . The same resonator-like VCMA gate can also act as a receiver of propagating short-wavelength magnons that will create a standing wave under the gate with double the magnon frequency. This standing wave of the frequency ωp will be detected using a parametric confluence process opposite to the parametric splitting process (1) used for the excitation of magnons at the input VCMA gate. Our calculations show that the reflection of the excited magnons at the gate boundaries reduces the excitation threshold up to two times (in the case of full reflection R=1  ). The calculated excitation threshold for the VCMA gate is presented in Fig. 1. In our calculations we used geometric parameters that are typical for VCMA experiment made on Fe/MgO heterostructures (see e.g. [2, 3]: thickness of the Fe waveguide tFM=1 nm , thickness of dielectric layer tMgO=0.5 nm , waveguide width w=50 nm , and the length of the pumping gate Lg=1 μm .  Our preliminary numerical calculation performed for the simplified model of a voltage-biased VCMA gate (see Fig. 1) have demonstrated that the proposed method of parametric excitation and reception of ultra-short-wavelength magnons is realistic, and can be implemented in experiment to generate phase-modulated magnon signals of sub-micron wavelength with high energy efficiency in the GHz and sub-THz frequency ranges.

[1] A. Mahmoud, F. Ciubotaru, F. Vanderveken, A. V. Chumak, S. Hamdioui, C. Adelmann, and S. Cotofana, "Introduction to spin wave computing," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 128, no. 16, p. 161101, 2020.

[2] P. Khalili Amiri and K. L. Wang, "Voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy in spintronic devices," SPIN, vol. 02, no. 03, p. 1240002, 2012.

[3] R. Tomasello, R. Verba, V. Lopez-Dominguez, F. Garesci, M. Carpentieri, M. Di Ventra, P. Khalili Amiri, and G. Finocchio, "Antiferromagnetic Parametric Resonance Driven by Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy," Physical Review Applied, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 034004, 2022.

    Andrei Slavin received PhD degree in Physics in 1977 from the St. Petersburg Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia. 

     Dr. Slavin developed a state-of-the-art theory of spin-torque oscillators, which has numerous applications in the theory of current-driven magnetization dynamics in magnetic nanostructures. His current research support includes multiple grants from the U.S. Army, DARPA, SRC and the National Science Foundation. This research involves international collaborations with leading scientists in many countries, including Germany, Ukraine, France, Italy, and the United States. Dr. Slavin is a frequently invited speaker at international conferences on magnetism around the world.  

     Andrei Slavin is Fellow of the American Physical Society, Fellow of the IEEE, and Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Physics Department at the Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA.

Figure 1. Calculated threshold (electric field) of parametric excitation of spin waves in a VCMA gate as a function of the spin wave wavelength (top axis) and frequency (bottom axis) for different reflection coefficients R  at the gate boundaries.